Dutch universities are grappling with a persistent challenge: the third consecutive year of declining international student enrollments. Recent data from Universities of the Netherlands (UNL) reveals that new bachelor's student intake fell by 3.4 percent this academic year, totaling around 56,000 students. International newcomers dropped by 3.6 percent, with European students experiencing the sharpest decline at 4.4 percent. This trend signals broader shifts in Dutch higher education policy and societal pressures, raising questions about the future of internationalization in one of Europe's top study destinations.

The decline comes amid a complex mix of self-imposed university restrictions, government directives to prioritize Dutch-language instruction, and longstanding issues like the student housing crisis. While domestic student numbers also dipped by 3.3 percent—linked to fewer high school graduates and rising gap years— the spotlight remains on international mobility. For prospective students eyeing the Netherlands, understanding these dynamics is crucial for informed decision-making.

The Scale of the Enrollment Drop

Let's break down the numbers. For the 2025/2026 academic year, Dutch research universities welcomed 19,440 new international bachelor's students, a notable decrease from over 20,500 the previous year. Overall new international enrollments across Dutch higher education institutions stood at 51,796 for 2024/2025, marking just a 0.4 percent increase from prior years—the slowest growth since tracking began in 2007. At universities of applied sciences, bachelor's enrollments even fell by 6.7 percent.

These figures underscore a reversal from the rapid growth seen pre-2023, when international students comprised nearly 15 percent of total enrollment, totaling over 131,000 across programs.

Historical Context: From Boom to Bust

The Netherlands once boasted explosive growth in international student numbers, fueled by affordable tuition—around €2,300 annually for EU/EEA students—and a wealth of English-taught programs, ranking third in Europe. By 2022/23, 85,239 international students were enrolled in bachelor's or master's degrees at research universities alone. Top source countries included Germany, Italy, China, Romania, and Spain.

However, cracks appeared post-2022. The first decline hit in 2023/24, followed by steeper drops. Universities halted aggressive overseas recruitment outside shortage fields like engineering and healthcare, opting for self-regulation to manage capacity. This shift aligned with national concerns over overcrowded campuses and cities strained by housing shortages, where international students compete for limited spots.

Government Policies at the Core

Dutch government interventions form the backbone of this trend. In October 2024, the cabinet declared Dutch as the 'norm' in higher education, mandating at least two-thirds of bachelor's curricula in Dutch, with English or other languages capped at one-third absent special approval. Caps on incoming students were tied to budget reductions starting 2026, targeting non-Dutch pathways from 2025/26.

Rationale? Explosive growth led to lecture hall overcrowding and a housing crisis, with student accommodations lagging demand. Policymakers aim to boost Dutch proficiency among graduates—the key to retention, as only 25 percent stay post-study, rising with language skills. Exemptions apply to labor-shortage sectors, border regions, and shrinking populations, but stricter criteria prevent loopholes.

The prior Schoof I cabinet slashed €1.2 billion in higher education funding, but the new coalition signals reversals: halting English-program cuts and injecting €1.5 billion into education and science.

Impacts on University Operations and Revenue

Universities face mounting pressures. Declining numbers erode revenue from higher international fees (up to €15,000+ for non-EU), vital for covering domestic subsidies shortfalls. Programs in high-demand fields like ICT saw sharp drops despite labor gaps, while science and technology enrollments plummeted.

Positive notes: Primary teacher training (PABO) surged 7.6 percent to 6,200 students. Institutions like Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) bucked the trend with growth, highlighting regional variances.

• Reduced diversity in classrooms, impacting global perspectives.
• Staffing strains as programs scale back.
• Innovation risks, with fewer international talents in research.

Economic Ripple Effects

A SEO Economic Research study warns that capping internationals at five Randstad universities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, etc.) could slash GDP by €3.9-4.8 billion annually—82 percent in the region. Sectors like business services (39 percent loss), finance (20 percent), and public administration (10 percent) suffer most. Annual tax revenue dips €603-745 million, barely offset by €735-825 million savings.

Long-term: 30 percent of firms mull relocation due to talent shortages, eroding investments and jobs. International graduates fill critical gaps in healthcare, education, and tech, with 50 percent retention potential.Utrecht University Report

Stakeholder Perspectives

UNL chair Caspar van den Berg laments the lack of a 'proper strategy to attract the brightest students,' risking science and economy. He praises the coalition's talent plans. Universities advocate sustainable internationalization, warning prospective students of housing woes.

Students voice frustration over policy whiplash and integration barriers. Educators highlight benefits: internationals enhance innovation and address demographic declines.Universities Netherlands

Program and Regional Variations

Not all areas falter equally. Master's programs saw gains (+9.9 percent at research universities), driven by Turkey's 25 percent surge. Universities of applied sciences dipped overall (-0.6 percent intake), but teacher training boomed.

• Tech hubs like Eindhoven thrive.
• Randstad faces steepest drops due to housing.
• Shortage fields (engineering) hold steadier.

International Students' Views and Challenges

Prospective internationals cite housing scarcity, rising living costs (€12,000-15,000/year), and policy uncertainty. Language mandates deter non-Dutch speakers, despite exemptions. Yet, the Netherlands retains appeal: high-quality education, post-study work visas (one-year 'zoekjaar'), and 91 percent employability.Craft a strong academic CV to stand out.

Institutional Strategies Moving Forward

Universities pivot: enhanced selection, housing partnerships, Dutch integration courses. Self-regulation includes recruitment halts abroad and capacity warnings. The new government's €1.5 billion boost and talent strategy offer hope, focusing on 'right' students for shortages.

Explore Europe higher ed jobs or global opportunities as institutions adapt.

Future Outlook and Predictions

Government forecasts a 10 percent drop in total students over the decade. Reversals may stabilize numbers, but sustainable growth hinges on housing solutions and balanced policies. Europe-wide trends—UK visa curbs, Germany's caps—mirror Dutch caution.

Opportunities Amid the Decline

Despite drops, 131,000 internationals study in the Netherlands, with master's booming. Fields like AI, sustainability, and healthcare seek talent. High retention (near 50 percent) aids career starts.Faculty positions and research roles abound.

Photo by Frans Ruiter on Unsplash

Practical Advice for Aspiring Students

1. Target shortage sectors for easier entry.
2. Secure housing early via university portals.
3. Learn basic Dutch for integration and retention.
4. Check scholarships for funding.
5. Leverage Rate My Professor for program insights.

For faculty eyeing the Netherlands, university jobs remain competitive. Stay informed via career advice.