University of Canterbury's GRIT Study Exposes Critical Vaping Trends Among High-Risk New Zealand Teens
New research from the University of Canterbury has shed light on a pressing public health issue: the heightened nicotine dependency among high-risk teenagers in New Zealand who vape. Published today in the New Zealand Medical Journal (NZMJ), the Gauging Risk and Resilience in Teenagers (GRIT) Study reveals that 64% of high-risk adolescents—those born to mothers receiving opioid substitution treatment during pregnancy—vape regularly (monthly or more), compared to 30% of their typically developing peers. This disparity underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions to address teen vaping nicotine dependency in vulnerable populations.
The study, led by postdoctoral researcher Samantha J. Lee and Professor Lianne J. Woodward from the School of Health Sciences at the University of Canterbury, followed 136 adolescents aged 16-19 from the Canterbury region. High-risk participants showed an alarming 87% lifetime vaping rate, far exceeding the 55% in the comparison group. Three-quarters of regular vapers in the high-risk cohort reported two or more symptoms of nicotine dependence, signaling a clear path to addiction.
Defining High-Risk Teens: Insights from the GRIT Longitudinal Research
High-risk teenagers in the GRIT Study were identified as those prenatally exposed to opioids, often raised in challenging socio-economic and psychosocial environments. This prospective longitudinal research, initiated at Christchurch Women’s Hospital, tracks these youth alongside a matched comparison group to gauge substance use risks and resilience factors. By age 17.5 on average, vaping had permeated both groups, but the high-risk cohort faced steeper challenges.
Ethics-approved interviews captured lifetime use, frequency, prior smoking history, nicotine strengths, and dependence symptoms adapted from DSM-IV/DSM-5 criteria. No sex differences emerged overall, but age trends showed increasing regular use. Family socio-economic status (SES) correlated with vaping in the broader sample, with lower SES linked to higher rates—though high-risk families clustered in low SES. For those pursuing careers in public health or psychology, the research assistant roles at institutions like the University of Canterbury offer hands-on experience in such vital studies.
Current Landscape of Youth Vaping Prevalence in Aotearoa New Zealand
Teen vaping has surged nationally, with the 2024/25 New Zealand Health Survey reporting 16% regular use among 15-17-year-olds (14% daily), up from earlier Youth19 figures of 40% ever tried and 7.6% regular. The 2024 ASH Year 10 Snapshot noted a slight decline to 14% regular among 14-15-year-olds from 20% in 2021, yet daily rates hover at 7.1%. In Canterbury, half of sampled teens vape monthly or more, highlighting regional concerns.
Most GRIT regular vapers (over 75%) had not smoked regularly beforehand, indicating vaping as a primary nicotine entry point rather than a cessation aid. Median onset age was 15 across groups.
Socio-Economic and Ethnic Disparities Amplifying the Crisis
Vaping exacerbates inequities, with Māori youth at 29.3% regular use, Pacific at 19.1%, versus 11.1% European and 3.7% Asian in 2024 data. GRIT found no independent Māori link after SES adjustment, but low SES strongly predicts regular vaping. High-risk, often low-SES Māori/Pacific-dominant groups face compounded risks, with specialist vape shops clustering in deprived areas.
- Māori: 53.2% ever vaped (ASH 2025)
- Pacific: 40.6% ever vaped
- European: 27.1%
- Asian: lowest rates
Universities like Canterbury drive equity-focused research; explore New Zealand university jobs in health sciences to contribute.
High-Nicotine Products Fueling Rapid Dependence
Regular GRIT vapers predominantly used 50-60mg/ml nicotine salts (87% pre-labelling rules), equivalent to 20-28.5mg/ml freebase post-2023. Few opted for ≤15mg/ml, amplifying addiction potential.
Nicotine, a potent stimulant, binds brain receptors, releasing dopamine and fostering tolerance. In vaping, aerosol delivery spikes blood levels faster than cigarettes, hastening dependence.Nicotine and the adolescent brain
Recognizing Nicotine Dependence Symptoms in Vaping Teens
GRIT adapted DSM criteria: high-risk regular vapers averaged more symptoms (p=.03), with 75% showing ≥2 vs <50% comparison (p=.02).
- 61% high-risk crave first thing morning (vs 33% comparison)
- 67% tense/irritable if denied (vs 30%)
- 59% failed quit attempts
- 52% can't skip a day
- 46% others concerned
Withdrawal includes irritability, anxiety; chronic use risks lasting brain changes.
Long-Term Health Risks: Brain Development and Beyond
Adolescent brains develop until ~25; nicotine disrupts prefrontal cortex, impairing attention, learning, impulse control, mood regulation. Vaping links to lung damage, cardiovascular issues, mental health woes—worse for high-risk youth.
Explore postdoc opportunities in neuroscience at NZ unis.
New Zealand's Evolving Vaping Regulations and Enforcement Challenges
Post-2023: flavour/image bans, nicotine labelling. Dec 2024 Smokefree Amendment: disposable ban (Jun 2025), no displays/online visibility, specialist shops 300m from schools/marae, 100m ECE. Sales to <18 illegal, penalties upped. Yet compliance lags; retailers sell high-nic high-discounts, poor ID checks.Ministry of Health vaping regs
Cessation Support: Tailored Strategies for High-Risk Youth
General GP/online helplines underused by vulnerable teens. Need youth-friendly, culturally responsive programs. Universities lead via Quitline adaptations, school initiatives. PHCC urges equity-focused pathways. For educators, rate my professor tools highlight public health experts.
- Behavioural therapy + NRT
- Peer support groups
- Māori/Pacific-led services
- School-based prevention
University of Canterbury's Pivotal Role and Future Research Directions
UC's School of Health Sciences exemplifies higher ed's impact, training researchers tackling NZ's vaping epidemic. Future: longitudinal dependence tracking, intervention trials. Broader uni efforts: awareness campaigns, policy advising.
Check university jobs NZ for health research positions.
Outlook: Balancing Harm Reduction with Youth Protection
Declining overall rates promising, but high-risk persistence demands action. Unis like Canterbury pivotal in evidence-based policy. Parents/educators: monitor, educate on risks.
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Read full GRIT Study (NZMJ)
