New Zealand stands at the forefront of geothermal energy innovation, and recent breakthroughs in Iceland's Krafla volcano are providing invaluable insights that could transform how the country harnesses its vast Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ) resources. Professor Ben Kennedy from the University of Canterbury (UC), a leading volcanologist, has played a pivotal role in analyzing data from Iceland's pioneering magma drilling efforts. His contributions, detailed in a groundbreaking study published in Nature, reveal how magma behaves when intersected by drills—knowledge that promises safer exploration and enhanced energy output for New Zealand's geothermal sector.

In the Taupō Volcanic Zone, stretching across the central North Island, New Zealand already generates about 18% of its electricity from geothermal sources, making it the second-largest producer worldwide after the United States. Yet, the potential is far greater. Deeper drilling into superhot geothermal reservoirs—temperatures exceeding 400°C—could multiply power output by up to ten times compared to conventional wells. Iceland's experiences at Krafla offer a blueprint, tempered by real-world data on magma dynamics.

The 2009 Accidental Magma Encounter

The story begins in 2009 during the Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP-1) at the Krafla Geothermal Field in northern Iceland. A routine geothermal well targeting hot fluids unexpectedly penetrated a shallow magma chamber at just 2,100 meters depth. Drilling fluids rapidly quenched the molten rock, producing fresh volcanic glass fragments—pristine 'time capsules' preserving the magma's pressure, temperature, and gas content.

This serendipitous hit did not trigger an eruption, dispelling fears and sparking global interest. The well produced superheated steam at around 450°C, capable of generating ten times more electricity than standard geothermal wells. It marked the birth of the Krafla Magma Testbed (KMT), an international initiative to intentionally drill into magma, monitor it in situ, and develop superhot geothermal technologies.

For New Zealand, where the TVZ hosts similar rhyolitic magma systems, this event underscores the proximity of untapped energy. Sites like Rotokawa, recently selected for New Zealand's first supercritical geothermal well, mirror Krafla's geology.

UC's Professor Ben Kennedy: Bridging Iceland and New Zealand

Professor Ben Kennedy, from UC's School of Earth and Environment, joined the Krafla research in 2014. An award-winning educator and communicator—he received the 2023 Prime Minister’s Science Communication Prize—Kennedy co-supervised three postgraduate students analyzing gases trapped in the volcanic glass. His expertise in volcano hazards and geothermal systems has positioned UC as a key player in this international collaboration.

"These fragments act like time capsules," Kennedy explains. "They help us determine the pressure, temperature and gas content of magma beneath active volcanic systems." This hands-on involvement exemplifies how New Zealand universities contribute to global science while addressing national priorities like volcanic risk assessment and renewable energy.

Kennedy's work extends to educational outreach, including the 'Magma Drillers Save Planet Earth' game, used in New Zealand schools to inspire the next generation of geoscientists. This aligns with UC's mission to foster research-led teaching in earth sciences.

Key Findings from the Nature Study

The latest milestone is a March 2026 Nature paper led by Dr. Janine Birnbaum, with Kennedy as co-author. Analyzing IDDP-1 samples, it reconstructs in situ magma conditions using multiparametric modeling of disequilibrium processes during the five-minute quenching.

Magma was stored at lithostatic pressures of 55 MPa (~2.5 km depth), volatile-saturated with H₂O and CO₂. Drilling induced rapid decompression (10⁵–10⁷ Pa s⁻¹), bubble nucleation, growth, and resorption, yet final vesicularity remained low (~5%). Cooling rates of 7–80°C per minute arrested ascent, preventing major disruption.Read the full Nature study here.

These insights challenge prior estimates and provide a robust method to decode storage conditions from quenched samples—crucial for both volcanology and geothermal engineering.

Photo by Job Savelsberg on Unsplash

Magma's Response to Drilling: Safety First

One critical revelation: magma ascent is limited by viscous resistance and thermal shock. After intersection, magma flowed only 8 meters up the well over nine minutes before solidifying. This 'self-sealing' behavior suggests intentional drilling can be safe if managed properly—optimizing borehole design, penetration rates, and fluids to inhibit flow.

For New Zealand operators in the TVZ, where fields like Ngatamariki and Tauhara operate near volcanic centers, these models reduce risks. Kennedy notes: "This data shows why it could be safe to drill into the Krafla magma chamber... highly relevant as New Zealand explores superhot geothermal drilling."

Government-backed initiatives, including $10 million for Central TVZ exploration, reflect this momentum. The recent TOPP2 plant commissioning further expands capacity.

Transforming New Zealand's Geothermal Landscape

New Zealand's geothermal sector is booming. The MBIE's 'From the Ground Up' strategy targets unlocking TVZ potential, estimating 30,000 GWh annually from superhot resources—enough to power the nation multiple times over.Explore the full strategy.

Rotokawa's selection as the first supercritical site, with preferred drilling contractor announced in March 2026, signals progress. Supercritical fluids (beyond 374°C and 22 MPa) offer 10-20 times the efficiency of subcritical systems, aligning with net-zero goals by 2050.

UC's research directly informs these efforts, modeling magma pressures akin to those in Ruapehu or Tongariro, enhancing hazard maps from GNS Science.

Challenges in Superhot Geothermal Drilling

Despite promise, hurdles remain: extreme temperatures degrade tools, corrosive fluids demand advanced materials, and seismic risks require precise monitoring. Iceland's IDDP-1 well lasted only two years before corrosion, but produced 36 MW—proving viability.

• Material innovation: Heat-resistant alloys and sensors for 500°C+ environments.
• Seismic mitigation: Real-time modeling to avoid induced quakes.
• Regulatory frameworks: Fast-tracked consents for TVZ developments.

NZ Geothermal Week 2026 in Taupō will showcase these advancements, fostering iwi partnerships essential for TVZ projects.

Volcanic Hazard Prediction Enhanced

Beyond energy, Kennedy's models calculate magma depths in NZ systems, vital for eruption forecasting. TVZ's rhyolitic calderas like Rotorua-Okataina mirror Krafla's, where pressure data refines unrest interpretations from seismic and gas monitoring.

"That’s fundamental to understanding and predicting volcanic activity here," Kennedy emphasizes. This bolsters GeoNet's capabilities, protecting communities around Taupō and Rotorua.

Photo by Tim Sessinghaus on Unsplash

International Collaboration and UC's Role

The KMT, backed by ICDP and partners like Landsvirkjun, exemplifies global teamwork. NZ's involvement via UC positions it as a leader in magma science.Learn more about KMT

UC students gain world-class training, with findings feeding into Endeavour-funded superhot research. Kennedy's outreach ensures knowledge dissemination.

Future Outlook: A Greener Energy Horizon

By 2030, superhot geothermal could add gigawatts to NZ's grid, reducing fossil fuel reliance amid EV and data center growth. Iceland's 'moonshot' inspires: "Drilling into a magma chamber is like going to the moon," quips Kennedy.

With UC driving insights, New Zealand is poised to pioneer magma-sourced renewables, balancing energy security with volcanic stewardship.