Breakthrough Findings from UFS Chemistry Department
The University of the Free State (UFS), a leading institution in South African higher education, has published groundbreaking research exposing hidden risks in everyday menstrual products. Researchers from the Department of Chemistry analyzed popular sanitary pads and panty liners available across South African retailers, uncovering widespread contamination with endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These substances, which interfere with the body's hormonal systems, were present in every single product tested.
This study, titled "The Presence of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Sanitary Pads: A Study Done in South Africa," appeared in the prestigious journal Science of the Total Environment on February 9, 2026. Led by Prof Deon Visser, Head of the UFS Department of Chemistry, alongside PhD candidate Janine Blignaut, Dr Gabre Kemp, Prof Elizabeth Erasmus, and Prof Marietjie Schutte-Smith, the work highlights the pivotal role of university research in safeguarding public health.
Understanding Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are synthetic compounds that mimic, block, or interfere with the hormones produced by the endocrine system, a network of glands responsible for regulating metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood. Common EDCs include phthalates (used to make plastics flexible), parabens (preservatives in cosmetics and personal care items), and bisphenols (like bisphenol A or BPA, found in plastics and adhesives).
In menstrual products, these chemicals may originate unintentionally from manufacturing materials such as superabsorbent polymers, adhesives, or packaging. During processes like heat-pressing, they can migrate to the skin-contacting layer, where vaginal mucosa—the thin, highly absorbent tissue in the genital area—facilitates rapid uptake into the bloodstream. Unlike skin on other body parts, mucosal tissue lacks a thick protective barrier, amplifying exposure risks.
Over a lifetime, women use thousands of these products, potentially leading to chronic low-dose exposure with cumulative effects far beyond single-use scenarios.
Detailed Methodology of the UFS Investigation
The UFS team selected 16 widely available brands of sanitary pads and eight panty liners from South African stores, representing a cross-section of affordable and premium options, including those labeled 'chemical-free.' Samples underwent rigorous extraction followed by advanced chromatographic analysis to detect and quantify 20 specific EDCs: nine phthalates, five parabens, and six bisphenols.
Daily dermal exposure was estimated using standard models, accounting for absorption rates through normal skin (2-20 ng/kg body weight/day) and higher mucosal permeability (up to 80 ng/kg body weight/day). This step-by-step approach—from sample collection and preparation to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmation—ensured robust, reproducible results.
- Purchase from major retailers for representativeness
- Homogenization of top-sheet layers for targeted analysis
- Quantitation against certified standards
- Risk assessment via hazard quotients
Key Results: Contamination Across All Products
Every product contained at least two EDCs, debunking claims of purity. Detection frequencies revealed stark patterns:
- Sanitary Pads (n=16): Bisphenols 100%, parabens 85%, phthalates 50%
- Panty Liners (n=8): Phthalates 100%, bisphenols 75%, parabens 75%
Bisphenols dominated pads, likely from adhesives, while phthalates prevailed in liners from plastic backings. Although exact concentrations varied, the ubiquity underscores menstrual products as an overlooked exposure pathway in South Africa.
Prof Visser noted, “Our study highlights a concerning reality... even when marketed as ‘free from harmful chemicals.’”
Health Risks Linked to Long-Term Exposure
Phthalates disrupt testosterone and estrogen signaling, contributing to infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and preterm birth. Parabens mimic estrogen, potentially fueling breast and ovarian cancers. Bisphenol A (BPA) alters thyroid function and metabolism, raising risks for endometriosis and metabolic disorders.
In South Africa, where period poverty affects millions—especially in rural and low-income communities—reliance on disposable pads heightens vulnerability. Cumulative exposure over decades (300,000+ hours of contact) via sensitive tissues amplifies these threats, particularly for adolescents starting menstruation early.
For university researchers in public health and chemistry, such findings emphasize the need for interdisciplinary studies on women's health disparities. Explore research positions advancing these frontiers at institutions like UFS.
South Africa's Regulatory Gaps Exposed
The South African National Standards (SANS 1043) govern sanitary pads for absorbency, pH, and microbiology but ignore chemical contaminants like EDCs. No mandatory disclosure of ingredients exists, allowing 'clean label' marketing without verification.
In contrast, the European Union scrutinizes EDCs under REACH regulations, banning certain phthalates in consumer goods, while the USA's FDA monitors but lacks bans for menstrual products. Prof Visser calls for SABS updates: “There are no standards regarding the chemicals we observed.”
OEKO-TEX Standard 100 offers independent certification, absent in most local products.
Global Context and Comparative Studies
The UFS research aligns with international findings: A 2023 systematic review detected phthalates and parabens in 80%+ of global menstrual products. In the US, tampons showed lead and arsenic; Europe reported volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
South Africa's study is pioneering regionally, filling data voids for African contexts where import reliance and local manufacturing intersect. This positions UFS chemists as key contributors to global environmental toxicology.
Stakeholder Perspectives: Industry, Regulators, and Consumers
Manufacturers emphasize safety compliance but rarely disclose full formulations. Consumer groups advocate transparency, echoing UFS calls. Government bodies like the Department of Health may review findings, potentially spurring policy.
In higher education, such publications boost UFS's research profile, attracting funding and talent. Aspiring academics can find opportunities via faculty positions in chemistry and environmental sciences.
Promising Solutions and Safer Alternatives
UFS is innovating reusable pads with antimicrobial coatings, addressing access and safety. Consumers can pivot to:
- OEKO-TEX certified disposables
- Menstrual cups or discs (silicone, low-EDC)
- Cloth pads (organic cotton, washable)
- Period underwear (tested brands)
These reduce waste and exposure, vital amid South Africa's plastic pollution crisis. For career advice on sustainable product development, check higher ed career resources.
UFS's Commitment to Menstrual Health Research
Stemming from equity discussions on girls' school absenteeism, UFS integrates chemistry with social impact. Future work includes longitudinal exposure studies and prototype testing, exemplifying how South African universities drive actionable science.
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Photo by Logan Voss on Unsplash
Future Outlook: Towards Safer Periods in South Africa
Expect regulatory pushes, industry reforms, and more university-led monitoring. Collaborative research across SA institutions could standardize testing. For professionals in higher ed, this underscores research's societal value—explore university jobs today.
In summary, the UFS study is a catalyst for change, empowering informed choices and policy evolution. Stay engaged with higher ed jobs, professor ratings, and career advice at AcademicJobs.com.