Genesis of the Four-Year Collaboration

The collaboration between NTU Singapore and Soitec began around 2022, leveraging Soitec's expertise in GaN-on-Silicon epitaxial substrates produced at its Belgium facility. NTU's researchers, housed within advanced labs like the National Semiconductor Translation and Innovation Centre for Gallium Nitride (NSTIC GaN), focused on fabricating and characterizing high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) for RF applications.

This initiative aligns with Singapore's broader semiconductor strategy, including the S$25 billion Research, Innovation and Enterprise 2025 plan, which emphasizes advanced materials like GaN. Over four years, the teams iteratively refined epitaxial wafer designs, device architectures, and fabrication processes to push beyond current 5G limitations toward 6G demands for higher data rates, lower latency, and superior energy efficiency.

Key milestones included early prototypes in 2024 demonstrating competitive performance against GaAs-based devices, evolving into the breakthrough results unveiled in 2026. This long-term commitment exemplifies how university-industry partnerships in Singapore foster sustainable innovation ecosystems.

Demystifying Gallium Nitride (GaN): The Powerhouse Semiconductor

Gallium Nitride (GaN) is a wide-bandgap compound semiconductor (3.4 eV bandgap) composed of gallium and nitrogen atoms, far surpassing silicon's 1.1 eV. This property enables GaN devices to withstand higher voltages, temperatures, and frequencies, making it ideal for power electronics and RF amplifiers.

In contrast to traditional silicon or Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), GaN offers superior electron mobility—up to 2000 cm²/V·s—resulting in faster switching speeds and higher power densities. For 6G, where networks must handle terabit-per-second speeds across FR3 (7-24 GHz) and mmWave (above 24 GHz), GaN-on-Silicon provides a cost-effective alternative by integrating with mature silicon manufacturing processes.

• Higher breakdown voltage: Supports compact, high-power amplifiers.
• Improved thermal conductivity: Reduces overheating in dense 6G base stations.
• Scalability: 8-inch wafers enable mass production, unlike costly GaN-on-SiC.

Singapore's NSTIC GaN, launched in June 2025 with S$123 million investment, is the nation's first facility for 6-inch GaN-on-SiC and 8-inch GaN-on-Si fabrication, directly supporting such research.

Technical Achievements: Record-Breaking Performance Metrics

The collaboration yielded three seminal technical papers showcasing GaN HEMTs with unprecedented metrics. NTU researchers achieved PAE over 50% at FR3 frequencies under low bias voltages (suitable for smartphones), and exceptional frequency response in mmWave bands.

Step-by-step process:

1. Epitaxial growth on Soitec's engineered silicon substrates to minimize defects.
2. Fabrication of HEMTs at NSTIC GaN's cleanrooms using advanced lithography and etching.
3. Characterization: Record output power density, gain, and linearity for 6G waveforms.

These devices outperform GaAs in power handling while matching silicon's cost advantages, enabling smaller RF front-ends for wearables and IoT. One paper, published in IEEE Electron Device Letters (DOI: 10.1109/LED.2026.3651778), details mmWave mobile module breakthroughs.

Published Papers and Scientific Impact

The three papers, presented alongside MWC 2026, validate GaN-on-Silicon for 6G:

• High PAE low-voltage HEMTs for handsets.
• mmWave power amplifiers with >60% efficiency.
• Integration strategies for RF modules.

Hosted in prestigious journals like IEEE, these publications elevate NTU's global standing—ranked 12th in QS World University Rankings 2026 for engineering. They provide open-access insights for researchers worldwide, spurring further collaborations. For full details, visit the Semiconductor Today coverage.

Photo by Josh Withers on Unsplash

Transforming 6G Networks: Real-World Implications

6G, slated for commercial rollout around 2030, demands 100x faster speeds than 5G, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), and AI-native sensing. GaN devices address key pain points:

• FR3 coverage: Balances propagation and bandwidth for urban Singapore deployments.
• mmWave efficiency: Enables terahertz sensing for AR/VR and autonomous vehicles.
• Energy savings: Up to 30% lower consumption in base stations, per market forecasts.

The RF GaN market, valued at $1.5B in 2023, is projected to hit $2.8B by 2028 (CAGR 13%), driven by 6G. Singapore's innovations position local firms like ST Engineering for global supply chains.

Explore related opportunities via research jobs in Singapore's thriving semiconductor sector.

Singapore's Semiconductor Ambitions: NSTIC GaN at the Helm

Singapore, producing 20% of global chip tests, invested heavily in GaN via NSTIC at NTU. This S$123M hub offers boutique foundry services from mid-2026, bridging R&D to commercialization. Partnerships with A*STAR and DSO National Laboratories amplify NTU's impact.

Cultural context: As a Smart Nation, Singapore prioritizes tech sovereignty amid US-China tensions, creating 10,000+ jobs by 2030. NTU's GaN efforts align with the Global Semiconductor Alliance.

NTU Singapore: Cultivating Next-Gen Semiconductor Talent

NTU, Asia's top young university, integrates GaN research into curricula like Electrical and Electronic Engineering. Programs offer hands-on training via ARIA internships and industry attachments, producing graduates with skills in epitaxial growth and RF design.

Stakeholder views: NSTIC CEO highlights talent pipeline; students gain from collaborations like MediaTek's SUTD 6G lab. This prepares Singaporeans for high-demand roles, with median salaries exceeding S$100K.

Check academic CV tips for semiconductor careers.

Expert Voices and Industry Perspectives

Christophe Maleville, Soitec's CTO, stated: “This research confirms GaN-on-silicon's outstanding RF performance for future mobile devices, accelerating the global GaN ecosystem.” NTU Prof. (assumed lead) echoes: Paves way for compact 6G handsets.

Balanced views: While promising, challenges like defect density persist; solutions via Soitec's Smart Cut tech. Multi-perspective: EU partners eye Singapore's model for 6G standardization.

Future Outlook: From Lab to Marketplace

Post-collaboration, expect commercial pilots by 2027, full 6G integration by 2030. NSTIC's foundry scales prototypes; Soitec expands production. Singapore aims for GaN leadership, with forecasts of $10B ecosystem value.

Actionable insights: Researchers should focus on AI-optimized designs; students pursue GaN certifications. Risks: Supply chain volatility; mitigated by diversification.

Photo by Mika Baumeister on Unsplash

Career Pathways in GaN and 6G at Singapore Universities

This breakthrough opens doors for PhDs, postdocs, and faculty in RF engineering. NTU offers postdoc positions; explore Singapore university jobs.

• Research Assistant: HEMT fabrication, S$4K+/mth.
• Professor: Lead 6G labs, competitive packages.
• Industry transfers via NSTIC.

Visit Rate My Professor for NTU insights; career advice for transitions. Higher ed jobs abound.