Decades of Dedicated Restoration Transform Urban Oasis

Forest Park in St. Louis, Missouri, spans 1,300 acres, making it one of the largest urban parks in the United States and larger than New York City's Central Park by about 500 acres. Home to museums, a zoo, and recreational facilities, this multi-use green space also serves as a critical habitat for wildlife amid the surrounding urban landscape. A recent study led by researchers affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis (WashU) demonstrates how targeted restoration efforts have significantly boosted native bird diversity here, offering a model for urban ecology worldwide.

The research, published in the journal Ecological Applications, highlights the park's evolution from fragmented habitats to thriving ecosystems through collaborative conservation. This success story underscores the role of universities like WashU in bridging academic research with practical environmental management, particularly in densely populated areas where biodiversity loss is acute.

Historical Context: From Urban Pressure to Restoration Priority

Urbanization has long posed challenges to biodiversity, replacing natural habitats with impervious surfaces and concentrating wildlife in remnant green spaces like Forest Park. In St. Louis, rapid city growth in the 20th century led to habitat degradation, invasive species proliferation, and declines in native flora and fauna. Forest Park Forever, a nonprofit partnering with the City of St. Louis since 2010, initiated systematic restoration, focusing on removing invasives, planting natives, and creating diverse habitats such as woodlands, prairies, and wetlands.

Efforts ramped up in the 1990s with the St. Louis Box Turtle Project, evolving into the Forest Park Living Lab—a multi-institutional initiative involving WashU's Living Earth Collaborative, Saint Louis University, and the Saint Louis Zoo. This collaboration monitors wildlife health, movement, and interactions, providing data-driven insights for management. Annual events like Forest Restoration Day have planted thousands of trees, enhancing connectivity and resilience.

The Research Team and Rigorous Methodology

Lead author Stella F. Uiterwaal, a former postdoctoral scholar at WashU's Living Earth Collaborative, collaborated with experts from the Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis University, and others. Uiterwaal, now at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, compiled decades of point count surveys—standard avian monitoring where observers record birds by sight and sound during 5-10 minute sessions at dawn.

Data spanned three restoration phases: historical surveys from 1997 and 2007-2012, plus new ones in 2023-2024 across 100+ sites. Researchers used statistical models to assess Shannon diversity (accounting for evenness) and species richness, comparing restored vs. unrestored areas and pre/post timelines. Non-native species contributions were isolated to focus on native gains. This longitudinal and spatial approach provides robust evidence, published March 17, 2026, in Ecological Applications (DOI: 10.1002/eap.70207).

Key Findings: Native Birds Thrive in Restored Habitats

Restoration significantly boosted avian biodiversity, with spatial gradients (restored vs. unrestored plots) showing stronger effects than temporal changes over decades. Native forest birds increased threefold in restored areas, while overall diversity rose due to habitat improvements. Non-native species like house sparrows contributed less to richness in highly restored zones, though their Shannon diversity impact remained steady.

Examples include wood thrushes and cerulean warblers—sensitive natives—flourishing where invasives like bush honeysuckle were cleared. Water access (ponds, creeks) and habitat variety (woodlands to prairies) emerged as critical drivers, amplifying bird communities by supporting insect prey and nesting sites.

Native vs. Invasive Dynamics: A Balanced Recovery

In urban settings, invasives often dominate, but Forest Park's management reduced their relative influence. Restored sites hosted fewer non-native individuals relative to natives, fostering resilient communities. This shift is vital as urban birds face novel pressures like light pollution and pets; restoration counters these by mimicking pre-urban ecosystems step-by-step: invasive removal, native planting, monitoring, adjustment.

WashU's involvement exemplifies higher education's role in quantifying such dynamics, informing policy for cities nationwide.

Photo by Laura Rivera on Unsplash

Restoration Practices: Lessons from Forest Park Forever

Forest Park Forever's playbook includes annual tree plantings (e.g., 883 trees in 2025), invasive control, prescribed burns, and pollinator gardens. The Nature Reserve (194 acres) features old-growth forests alongside restored prairies. Collaborations with universities ensure science-backed actions, like the Living Lab's GPS tracking of turtles, raccoons, and owls to map movements and disease risks.

These practices not only revive biodiversity but enhance park usability, balancing recreation with conservation—a model for urban planners.

Challenges and Resilience: Post-Tornado Insights

A May 2025 tornado devastated parts of Forest Park, toppling trees and disrupting habitats. Yet, pre-storm data affirms restoration's value; researchers like Uiterwaal note the park's "resilience" from diverse, connected ecosystems. Recovery efforts now leverage this foundation, with WashU aiding rapid assessments.

This event highlights urban parks' vulnerability but also restoration's buffering role against climate extremes.

Implications for Urban Ecology and Higher Education

The study proves urban restoration can reverse biodiversity loss, even in high-use parks. For universities, it showcases interdisciplinary research—ecology, conservation medicine, data analytics—at institutions like WashU driving real-world impact. Future efforts should prioritize water features and heterogeneity in low-diversity zones.WashU's coverage emphasizes one-health benefits: healthier wildlife supports human well-being.

As cities grow, such models inform policy, with higher ed leading evidence-based strategies.

Stakeholder Perspectives: Voices from the Field

"Forest Park is unique... all the work these groups are doing," says Uiterwaal. Sharon Deem (Saint Louis Zoo): "Restoration by Forest Park Forever has been key." Stephen Blake (SLU): Praises Uiterwaal's dedication. These views affirm academia-nonprofit partnerships' power.

• Restoration boosts mental health via nature access.
• Monitors emerging threats like disease spillover.
• Inspires student involvement in citizen science.

Broader Applications and Future Directions

Forest Park's success replicable in other US cities; e.g., similar parks in Chicago, Philadelphia. WashU's Living Earth Collaborative expands this via grants for urban bioenergetics, wildlife tracking. Post-tornado, adaptive management tests resilience. Ongoing Living Lab tracks trophic interactions, informing climate-adaptive strategies.

For higher ed, it highlights research jobs in urban ecology, fostering careers at intersections of academia, conservation, public health.

Photo by Harati Project on Unsplash

Conclusion: A Blueprint for Urban Revival

WashU's study cements Forest Park as a biodiversity beacon, proving decades of restoration yield tangible gains. As urban pressures mount, university-led science guides sustainable cities—benefiting birds, people, and academia alike. Explore research opportunities to contribute.