The Surge in Illicit Steroid Use Across Australia

Australia has witnessed a notable increase in the non-medical use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), often sourced from unregulated black market channels. These substances, synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone, are primarily sought for muscle growth, enhanced strength, and improved physical appearance among gym-goers, bodybuilders, and even adolescents. Lifetime prevalence among Australian adolescents hovers around 1.1%, with higher rates in specific subgroups like same-sex attracted men and weightlifters. Seizures of illicit steroids have doubled in recent years, fueled by online marketplaces shipping from overseas, often China, bypassing medical oversight. This trend raises alarms in public health circles, particularly as users face not only the known risks of AAS but also unpredictable contaminants in these products.

The accessibility via dark web vendors and gym networks has democratized steroid use, extending beyond elite athletes to everyday fitness enthusiasts. Young men and increasingly women are driving this surge, motivated by social media ideals of muscular physiques. However, without prescription—where AAS are only approved for conditions like hormone deficiencies—these drugs enter a shadowy market prone to adulteration and poor manufacturing standards.

Unveiling the ROIDCheck Project at University of Queensland

At the forefront of addressing this crisis is the ROIDCheck project, spearheaded by Dr. Timothy Piatkowski from the University of Queensland's (UQ) Centre for Health Services Research. Launched as a harm reduction initiative, ROIDCheck partners with The Loop Australia, Queensland Injectors Health Network, and Queensland Injectors Voice for Advocacy and Action. Chemical analysis is performed at Griffith University's Analytical Facility. Despite challenges from Queensland's 2025 drug checking ban, the program adapted by providing group-level data rather than individual feedback.

Over a year, 50 participants submitted 212 image and performance enhancing drug (IPED) samples, including injectable and oral AAS. The project's goal: test purity, identify discrepancies, and educate users on risks, fostering safer practices or cessation. UQ's involvement underscores universities' pivotal role in tackling emerging drug trends through interdisciplinary research.

Methodology: Rigorous Testing of Black Market Samples

ROIDCheck employed advanced forensic techniques to scrutinize samples. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) screened for unexpected compounds, while liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) quantified active ingredients, byproducts, and unreacted moieties. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) detected heavy metals after acid digestion or methanol dilution. This mirrors earlier analyses of 28 samples in 2025, confirming consistent methodological rigor.

• Samples anonymized from users across Australia, purchased 2022-2026.
• Focus on injectables (e.g., testosterone enanthate), orals, and raw powders.
• Calibration against standards ensured accuracy within ±5% purity deviation.
• Group reporting complied with legal constraints post-ban.

This scientific approach provides unprecedented insights into Australia's illicit steroid market, empowering evidence-based interventions.

Key Findings: Only 1 in 10 Samples Match Labels

The results are stark: only 10% of samples precisely matched labeled claims. Nearly 90% harbored unexpected, incorrect, or outright dangerous substances. Among AAS specifically, 15.2% were mislabeled—no active ingredient, wrong compound, or absent expected steroid. This echoes a prior analysis where 53.6% of 28 samples were mis-sold.

Common discrepancies included under-dosed products (75% below expected in some batches) and substitutions like veterinary steroids unfit for humans. These findings highlight a market riddled with counterfeits, prioritizing profit over safety.

Contaminants and Mislabeled Products Exposed

Beyond AAS, samples revealed livestock-grade trenbolone enanthate—illegal for human use in Australia due to extreme toxicity. Oral steroids often swapped hepatotoxic alternatives like methandrostenolone for claimed milder options. Raw powders contained unlisted androstenedione. These mismatches stem from overseas production lacking quality controls, compounded by home brewing.UQ ROIDCheck Report

Users, even informed ones accessing checking services, underestimate risks, as limited knowledge pervades the community. For higher education, this underscores the need for sports science curricula to include drug market realities.

Toxic Heavy Metals: Lead, Arsenic, and Cadmium Lurking Within

Universal in tested injectables and orals: heavy metals exceeding safe thresholds with chronic use. Lead (1.57 μg/mL injectables), arsenic (proven carcinogen), cadmium (renal toxin)—all accumulate via weekly injections or daily pills. Zinc overloads reached 62 μg/mL. While single doses stay below permissible daily exposure (PDE), cycles amplify bioaccumulation.

This contamination, consistent globally, amplifies AAS risks. UQ researchers advocate surveillance akin to wastewater monitoring for opioids.

Comprehensive Health Risks: Heart, Liver, Cancer, and Beyond

AAS alone pose severe threats: cardiovascular disease (enlarged hearts, clots), liver toxicity (tumors, peliosis), endocrine disruption (infertility, gynecomastia), psychiatric effects (aggression, depression), neurological issues. Contaminants exacerbate: metals link to cancer (arsenic: skin/lung/liver), cognitive decline (lead), kidney failure (cadmium).

• Cardiovascular: Hypertension, myocardial infarction risk triples.
• Hepatic: Cholestasis, adenomas; orals worst.
• Cancer: Prostate/liver from AAS; metals additive.
• Mental Health: 'Roid rage', suicide ideation post-cycle.

Women face virilization; youth, stunted growth. Long-term: irreversible organ damage.

Public Health Implications and Policy Challenges

ROIDCheck illuminates a surveillance gap. Queensland's ban stalled progress, yet group data proves invaluable for policy. Rising seizures signal supply boom; prevalence climbs 40% recently. Calls for national testing networks, integrated with needle programs.Lead Astray? Study Experts like Piatkowski urge clinician-researcher partnerships for cessation support.

In higher ed, this fuels debates on sports ethics courses, linking to research assistant roles in public health.

Universities Leading Harm Reduction Efforts

UQ exemplifies unis' shift to harm reduction, blending epidemiology, toxicology, psychology. Collaborations with Griffith, Monash extend reach. Educational modules on IPED risks could arm students; faculty jobs in sports science boom amid this.Explore research jobs

Global parallels: Portugal's decriminalization models inform Australia. Unis host forums, rate professors on drug policy insights via Rate My Professor.

Voices from the Field: Users, Experts, and Advocates

"Dangerous quality control issues," says Piatkowski. Users report bunk products; clinicians note ER surges for steroid complications. Lived-experience peers drive trust in gyms. Multi-perspective: regulators push enforcement; advocates, education over punishment.

Towards Solutions: Education, Testing, and Cessation

Harm reduction pillars: accurate labeling laws, consumer testing apps, uni-led campaigns. Cycle support: post-cycle therapy (PCT) education, counseling. Gym-based collection points proposed. For academics, this opens postdoc opportunities in toxicology.

Photo by Andrey Khoviakov on Unsplash

Future Outlook: National Expansion and University Innovations

ROIDCheck eyes nationwide rollout, peptides inclusion. Unis pioneer wastewater epidemiology for prevalence tracking. Optimism: informed users reduce harms. AcademicJobs.com connects talent to these vital roles—check higher ed jobs, university jobs, rate your professors, and career advice for pathways in health research.

Australia's unis stand ready to safeguard communities through science.