Unlocking Pathways Across Borders: The FACETS Journal's Landmark Study on Transboundary Connectivity

In a timely advancement for biodiversity preservation, researchers have published a groundbreaking paper in the FACETS journal, a leading open-access platform from Canadian Science Publishing, detailing a high-resolution map of transboundary connectivity between Canada and the United States. Titled "Evaluating transboundary connectivity to support cross-border conservation between Canada and the United States," this study, released on February 12, 2026, extends previous Canadian modeling to create the first seamless, wall-to-wall connectivity analysis across the world's longest undefended border. Led by Paul O'Brien from the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, alongside collaborators including Simon Tapper, Michael G.C. Brown from Environment and Climate Change Canada, and academics like Samira Mubareka from the University of Toronto, the paper addresses a critical gap in large-scale ecological planning.

Transboundary connectivity refers to the ability of wildlife to move freely across political boundaries, essential for species survival amid habitat fragmentation and climate change. The study's omnidirectional circuitscape model, run at 300-meter resolution, simulates animal movement probabilities by assigning 'cost' values to landscapes based on human disturbance levels—from low-cost natural areas (cost=1) to high-barrier urban zones (cost=1000). This naturalness approach integrates 15 land cover layers, including nighttime lights, forest loss data, and topography, enabling multispecies predictions without species-specific data.

The resulting map highlights vital corridors and pinch points, offering actionable insights for land-use planners, conservationists, and policymakers on both sides of the border. With only about 20% of identified connectivity hotspots currently protected under strict IUCN categories I-IV, the findings underscore urgent opportunities to expand safeguards.

The Imperative for Cross-Border Conservation in North America

Canada and the US share over 8,891 kilometers of land border, plus extensive marine boundaries, home to diverse ecosystems from the Rocky Mountains to the Great Lakes. However, political lines ignore ecological realities: species like grizzly bears, wolves, elk, and caribou routinely cross for foraging, mating, and migration. Fragmentation from roads, agriculture, and development threatens these movements, exacerbating biodiversity loss. The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework's 30x30 target—protecting 30% of land and sea by 2030—emphasizes connectivity, yet transboundary challenges persist due to differing data standards and jurisdictions.

Recent statistics paint a stark picture: Canada's protected areas cover 18% of terrestrial land as of 2025, while the US stands at 13%, but connectivity gaps remain. Climate-driven range shifts demand fluid habitats; for instance, wolverines in the US rely on influxes from Canadian Rockies. Initiatives like the Yellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y) Conservation Initiative span 3,200 km, linking ecosystems across provinces and states, while the Algonquin to Adirondacks (A2A) Collaborative fosters wildlife passage in the northeast.

Canadian universities play a pivotal role here. Researchers from institutions like the University of Toronto contribute expertise in zoonotics and landscape ecology, bridging government science with academia. For those pursuing careers in this field, opportunities abound in research jobs focused on environmental modeling and field studies.

Methodology: Building a Seamless Binational Connectivity Model

The FACETS paper builds on Richard Pither's 2023 pan-Canadian model, extending it southward using a 'naturalness' framework calibrated via expert elicitation and empirical data. For the US, a cost surface was derived from global datasets: VIIRS nighttime lights (2016) for urban intensity, Hansen Global Forest Change (2000-2021) for loss, and resampled layers like croplands and roads at 300m.

Processing involved dividing the contiguous US and Alaska into 18 overlapping tiles, computing circuit theory flows with Circuitscape software in Julia, and mosaicking outputs with seam corrections via 20% buffers. This yielded a current density map (in amps) representing movement probability—higher values indicate preferred pathways.

Validation came through independent datasets: GPS collars from 14 transboundary elk (66,554 locations) showed strong overlap (regression coefficient 0.76, p<0.001), and SARS-CoV-2-positive white-tailed deer sites exhibited 5.8% higher density within 100km buffers, peaking at 23.5% in 10km zones. Step-by-step, the process ensures scalability: data harmonization, cost assignment, flow computation, and hotspot delineation (top 95th percentile).

Mapping the Hotspots: Where Connectivity Thrives and Falters

The map reveals high-density corridors paralleling natural features: in the west, continuous flows along the Cascade and Rocky Mountains from British Columbia-Washington to Alberta-Montana; Alaska-Yukon linkages; eastern Appalachians from Maine-Quebec; and Great Lakes pinch points like the Arrowhead Region (Ontario-Minnesota), Sault Ste. Marie, and Algonquin-Adirondacks (Ontario-New York).

Low-density barriers include the Rust Belt's urban sprawl, Colorado's Front Range, and California's developed valleys. Transboundary hotspots cluster near existing protected areas, but vast unprotected swaths demand action. For visual reference, the paper's Figure 2 depicts nationwide patterns, with Figure 3 zooming on five key corridors.

This granularity empowers precise interventions, from wildlife crossings to easements.

Photo by Michael Vinel on Unsplash

Protection Gaps and Opportunities in Transboundary Zones

Within a 100km border buffer, 20.18% of hotspots fall under IUCN I-IV protections, rising to 47.77% including V-VI and other conserved lands. Iconic transboundary protected areas (TBCAs) like Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park— the world's first, established 1932—cover vital grizzly and elk paths, but gaps persist around urban edges.

• Rockies/Cascades: Partial coverage, needs linear infrastructure mitigation.
• Great Lakes: Fragmented by shipping/transport; Arrowhead offers refugia potential.
• Appalachians: Higher protection but invasive species risks.

Integrating Indigenous protected areas could boost coverage, aligning with Canada's Pathway to Target 1.

Real-World Applications: Wildlife Movement and Disease Surveillance

Case studies validate utility. Elk data from Movebank confirmed model predictions, with movements favoring low-cost paths. For zoonotics, the map flags high-risk zones for pathogen spread, as seen with COVID-19 in deer—positive cases cluster in permeable landscapes.

This dual-use extends to invasive species or fire recovery, informing academic careers in applied ecology.

Stakeholder Perspectives: Governments, NGOs, and Academia Unite

Government agencies like Ontario MNRF and ECCC drove the effort, with university input from U Toronto on disease dynamics. NGOs such as Y2Y laud the map for prioritizing 'missing linkages.' Experts emphasize binational policy: aligning US Roadless Rule with Canadian corridor programs.

Challenges include data sovereignty and funding; solutions lie in shared platforms like the Commission for Environmental Cooperation.

Implications for Biodiversity and Climate Resilience

By safeguarding corridors, we bolster resilience: species adapt via dispersal, ecosystems store carbon, and communities benefit from ecotourism. The paper projects enhanced 30x30 outcomes, with actionable steps like zoning reforms and crossings.

Photo by christian romei on Unsplash

Future Directions: Scaling Up Transboundary Efforts

Next steps: incorporate climate velocities, Indigenous knowledge, and dynamic modeling. The methodology's replicability suits Mexico-US or Europe. Canadian higher ed stands ready—university jobs in conservation biology are growing amid federal investments.

In conclusion, this FACETS paper catalyzes action. Explore Rate My Professor for ecology faculty, higher ed jobs, or career advice to join the movement. AcademicJobs.com champions such research driving real-world impact.