A groundbreaking study from Brunel University London is paving the way for the first reliable diagnostic test for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS), a debilitating condition affecting an estimated 400,000 people in the United Kingdom. Researchers at the university have identified distinct electrical properties in white blood cells from ME/CFS patients, offering hope for earlier diagnosis and better management of this long-misunderstood illness. This development highlights Brunel University's growing expertise in biomedical engineering and infectious disease research, positioning it as a key player in UK higher education's efforts to tackle chronic health challenges.

ME/CFS, characterized by profound fatigue, post-exertional malaise, cognitive difficulties, unrefreshing sleep, and pain, has no approved diagnostic test or cure. Diagnosis currently relies on clinical criteria after ruling out other conditions, often taking years and leading to patient frustration and delayed care. Recent prevalence studies suggest the condition impacts 0.6% of the UK population lifetime, with higher rates among women (0.92%) than men (0.25%), underscoring the urgent need for objective biomarkers.

Understanding ME/CFS: A Major Public Health Challenge in the UK

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex, multisystem illness that severely impairs daily functioning. Symptoms include extreme exhaustion not relieved by rest, worsening after physical or mental activity (post-exertional malaise), brain fog, sleep disturbances, and orthostatic intolerance. In the UK, recent data from hospital records and population studies indicate up to 403,922 cases, a 62% increase from earlier estimates of around 250,000. This rise may reflect better awareness post-COVID, as Long COVID shares many features with ME/CFS, prompting overlaps in research.

The diagnostic process is arduous: clinicians use criteria like the Institute of Medicine's (2015) or International Consensus Criteria (2011), requiring symptoms for at least six months. Without biomarkers, misdiagnosis as depression or deconditioning is common, exacerbating stigma. UK universities, including Brunel, are at the forefront, leveraging biobanks and advanced engineering to bridge this gap.

Brunel University's Expertise in Biomedical Innovation

Brunel University London, located in Uxbridge, West London, has established itself as a hub for interdisciplinary health research through its College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences. The Department of Life Sciences, where much of this work occurs, excels in infectious diseases and immunology. Dr Jackie Cliff, Senior Lecturer in Biosciences, leads efforts with her background in cytokines, tuberculosis immunity, and ME/CFS pathogenesis. Her lab investigates how chronic infections alter immune responses, including potential herpesvirus reactivation in ME/CFS.

Collaborating with Dr Fatima Labeed, an expert in cell electrophysiology from biomedical engineering backgrounds, Brunel's project combines biosciences with engineering precision. This synergy exemplifies how UK universities foster translational research, turning lab discoveries into clinical tools. Brunel's facilities support high-throughput cell analysis, vital for scaling biomarker validation.

The Science of Cell Electrophysiology: Measuring Invisible Differences

Cell electrophysiology examines how cells conduct electricity, revealing metabolic and membrane health. In ME/CFS, white blood cells—specifically peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), including lymphocytes and monocytes—show altered electrical signatures. Techniques like dielectrophoresis (DEP) apply non-uniform electric fields to sort cells by dielectric properties, measuring cytoplasm conductivity (internal current flow) and zeta potential (membrane charge).

Step-by-step: Blood samples are processed to isolate PBMCs, suspended in a medium, exposed to electric fields, and analyzed for impedance changes. Healthy cells maintain stable conductivity; ME/CFS cells exhibit higher or irregular values, possibly due to ion channel dysfunction or metabolic stress. This label-free, rapid method (MERUK details the process) could enable point-of-care testing.

Photo by Michael D Beckwith on Unsplash

Building on Pioneering Studies: From 2019 to Today

Brunel's work builds on a 2019 study by JM Cliff et al., analyzing UK ME/CFS Biobank samples. It found T-cell shifts—increased effector memory CD8+ T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in severe cases—indicating immune exhaustion. Ron Davis's nanoelectronics assay (Stanford) earlier detected PBMC impedance differences during osmotic stress, hinting at ion imbalances.

A 2023 pilot, funded by ME Association and ME Research UK, confirmed two biomarkers: cytoplasm conductivity and zeta potential distinguished ME/CFS from healthy and MS controls. The 2025 review by Clarke et al. synthesizes electrophysiology as promising amid inconsistent cytokines.

Phase II Project: Expanding Scope at Brunel

Launched September 2025 with joint funding, "The Electrophysiology of ME/CFS" at Brunel uses frozen UK Biobank samples (ME/CFS, Long COVID, MS, healthy) and fresh ME/CFS blood. Aims: validate across severities/diversity, optimize for cryopreserved samples, probe ion channels/plasma effects, assess low-dose naltrexone (LDN) impacts.

• Test larger cohorts for sensitivity/specificity.
• Compare fresh vs. frozen protocols.
• Investigate LDN's potential to normalize properties (LDN modulates immunity, used off-label in ME/CFS).

Extended to July 2027, results could enable clinical trials.

Collaborations and UK-Wide Impact

Brunel partners with the UK ME/CFS Biobank (LSHTM), holding 500+ annotated samples—a national resource funded partly by ME Association (£875k since 2011). This collaboration exemplifies UK higher ed's ecosystem: universities like Brunel provide labs/expertise, biobanks supply ethics-approved samples.

Dr Cliff and Labeed's quote: "This grant will enable us to try the test across an extended cohort... optimise for clinical deployment." Such projects attract funding, train PhDs/postdocs, boost rankings in biomedical fields.

Diagnostic Promise: Transforming Patient Lives

A validated test could diagnose in hours, not years, enabling early interventions like pacing or trials. For Long COVID (13% UK post-viral symptoms), it differentiates true ME/CFS subsets. Patients report validation reduces dismissal; biomarkers legitimize research funding.

Challenges: Specificity across severities, comorbidities; clinical validation needed. Brunel's engineering edge addresses scalability.

Photo by Yilin Liu on Unsplash

Brunel's Role in UK ME/CFS Research Landscape

UK universities lead: Oxford/Edinburgh on genetics (116 molecules differ), Imperial on inflammation. Brunel complements with electrophysiology, linking immunity (Cliff's herpesvirus work) to bioengineering. This multidisciplinary approach, supported by charities, counters underfunding (ME/CFS gets <£1m/year vs. billions for cancer).

Higher ed benefits: Attracts talent to health sciences jobs, enhances REF impact, fosters industry ties (e.g., DEP diagnostics firms).

Future Outlook: Towards Clinical Reality

By 2027, Phase II could yield prototypes. Success might spawn spin-outs, NHS pilots. UK needs integrated strategy: more biobank access, trials. Brunel's work inspires students in biosciences, underscoring universities' societal role.

For academics: Opportunities in ME/CFS abound—explore Brunel research roles. Patients: Join biobanks for progress.