In rural South Africa, where unemployment rates hover around 42.5% in provinces like the Eastern Cape, innovative solutions are emerging to tackle both climate change and economic hardship. Carbon capture and storage (CCS), a process that captures carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from sources like power plants or the atmosphere and stores it securely underground or in biomass, is gaining traction through nature-based projects. These initiatives not only sequester carbon but also restore degraded lands and generate sustainable employment opportunities for local communities.

🌿 New Research Highlights CCS Potential from Walter Sisulu University

Recent research led by scientists at Walter Sisulu University (WSU) in Mthatha, Eastern Cape, provides compelling evidence that CCS projects can be a dual win for environmental protection and rural development. Published as a chapter in the book Green Financing in Emerging Economies, the study titled "Status, Prospects, and Challenges of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects in Rural Eastern Cape Province, South Africa" analyzes 10 community-based, nature-based CCS initiatives. Led by Simbarashe Ndhleve, a Research Scientist at WSU's Centre for Global Change with a PhD in Agricultural Economics, alongside Hlekani M. Kabiti, Ayabonga Zweni, and Leonard Chitongo, the work emphasizes a systems approach integrating community engagement, governance, and social justice.

The researchers synthesize theoretical frameworks to assess sustainability, describing project types across sectors like rangeland management, forestry, agriculture, and coastal areas. Their findings reveal how these projects transform degraded landscapes into carbon sinks while fostering entrepreneurship and economic empowerment. Ndhleve, with over 12 years in agriculture, food security, and climate research, underscores the need for tailored technology adoption and collaborative governance to ensure long-term success.

Key CCS Projects Driving Change in the Eastern Cape

The Eastern Cape, spanning 169,000 square kilometers with diverse ecosystems from thickets to wetlands, hosts a variety of CCS efforts. The study details projects like:

• Amathole Forest Carbon Project in Manubi, Sebeni, and Nqabarha: Focuses on afforestation/reforestation, involving the Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (DFFE), local communities, and the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF). Benefits include biodiversity conservation, soil improvement, and watershed protection.
• Kuzuko Thicket Restoration Project: Partners with AfriCarbon, Inqo Investments, and others for nature-based sequestration, enhancing biodiversity, soil, water conservation, and job creation.
• Spekboom Projects by Eastern Cape Development Corporation (ECDC): Targets Portulacaria afra (spekboom) restoration, a drought-resistant succulent ideal for carbon storage, supporting ecosystems and livelihoods.
• Stutterheim Reforestation Project: Collaborates with NGOs and Food & Trees for Africa for sequestration, biodiversity restoration, and skills development.
• Meat Naturally in Matatiele: Restores degraded rangelands through incentives, boosting soil carbon, biodiversity, market access, and economic empowerment.
• AgriCarbon: Rewards climate-friendly farming like no-till practices, creating jobs and enhancing soil health.

These projects exemplify how CCS can align local priorities with global decarbonization.

Job Creation: A Lifeline for Rural Economies

One of the standout findings is the potential for substantial employment. Spekboom restoration alone aims to create about 1,000 jobs, while broader carbon projects across South Africa could generate 27,600 direct roles in land restoration, monitoring, agriculture, and ecological management. In the Eastern Cape, where unemployment stands at 42.5%—far above the national 31.4%—these opportunities provide stable income through activities like planting, monitoring carbon stocks, and sustainable farming.

Communities participate more readily when they experience immediate livelihood gains, such as skills training and market access. For instance, AgriCarbon empowers farmers with consulting from Trace & Save and AgriSA, reducing emissions while building income streams. This model not only combats poverty but also builds resilience against economic shocks in rural areas reliant on subsistence agriculture.

Environmental Benefits: Restoring Ecosystems and Biodiversity

Beyond jobs, CCS projects yield profound ecological gains. Reforestation improves soil fertility and water retention, while thicket restoration boosts biodiversity—more birds, plants, and wildlife return to revived habitats. Spekboom, known as a "climate warrior," lowers soil temperatures, enhances water-holding capacity, and sequesters CO2 effectively in arid conditions.

Degraded rangelands under Meat Naturally see increased agricultural productivity and drought resilience. Overall, these initiatives store carbon in soil and biomass, aiding South Africa's net-zero ambitions by 2050. Crop yields rise, food security strengthens, and watersheds are protected, creating a virtuous cycle of environmental health.

Challenges Hindering Scale-Up

Despite promise, obstacles persist. Communal lands, held in state trust, create insecure tenure, complicating long-term contracts. Limited carbon market knowledge among communities and officials slows adoption. High costs for remote monitoring, transportation, insurance, and legal support deter private investment. Poor infrastructure—roads, electricity, digital connectivity—hampers data collection and verification.

• Land rights insecurity
• Lack of expertise in carbon trading
• Logistical and financial barriers
• Inadequate infrastructure

Private firms see rural projects as risky, limiting funding. Addressing these requires multi-stakeholder collaboration.

The Role of Higher Education in CCS Innovation

Universities like WSU are pivotal. The Centre for Global Change at WSU drives research, supervises postgraduates, and engages communities. Ndhleve's team exemplifies how academic expertise in agricultural economics and environmental sciences translates into actionable policy. Rhodes University's Restoration Research Group (RRRG) contributes via projects like High Five Ecosystems, blending research with community involvement.

Higher education fosters skills for green jobs, from carbon accounting to ecological monitoring. Programs in sustainability could train the next generation, linking academia to rural development. For aspiring researchers, opportunities abound in climate adaptation.Read the full WSU chapter here.

Policy Implications and Future Outlook

To scale CCS, South Africa needs strengthened land rights, capacity building, and infrastructure investment. Government, via DFFE, should facilitate benefit-sharing and public-private partnerships. International carbon markets offer financing, but local governance must ensure equity.

Prospects are bright: Diverse projects across rangelands, forests, and coasts position the Eastern Cape as a CCS hub. With adaptive strategies, these could expand nationally, creating thousands more jobs and advancing decarbonization. Universities will lead by innovating frameworks for sustainable implementation.

Optimism prevails if challenges are met head-on.Stats SA unemployment data underscores urgency.

Photo by ostudio on Unsplash

Case Study: Spekboom and Community Empowerment

Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) thrives in Eastern Cape subtropics, storing up to 15.3 tons of carbon per hectare over 20 years. ECDC projects plant millions, creating jobs in nurseries, planting, and monitoring. Locals gain skills, income, and pride in restoring Albany Thicket Biome, once reduced by 64% by goats and farming. This model proves scalable, blending ecology with economy.

Similar successes in Kuzuko: Over 1 million spekboom planted, employing locals while boosting tourism and conservation.